Invictus
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the Pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods maybe
For my unconquerable soul.
In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody but unbowed.
Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.
It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll.
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.
Invictus is a 2009 biographical sports drama film directed by Clint Eastwood starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. The story is based on the John Carlin book Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Changed a Nation about the events in South Africa before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, hosted in that country following the dismantling of apartheid. Freeman and Damon play, respectively, South African President Nelson Mandela and François Pienaar, the captain of the South African rugby union team the Springboks.[3] Invictus was released in the United States on December 11, 2009. The title Invictus may be translated from the Latin as undefeated or unconquered and is the title of a poem by English poet William Ernest Henley (1849–1903).
William Ernest Henley
| William Ernest Henley | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | 23 August 1849 Gloucester, England |
| Died | 11 July 1903 (aged 53) |
| Occupation | Poet, critic, and editor |
| Nationality | English |
| Education | The Crypt School, Gloucester |
| Period | c. 1870–1903 |
| Notable work(s) | Invictus |
William Ernest Henley (23 August 1849 – 11 July 1903) was an English poet, critic, and editor, best remembered for his 1875 poem “Invictus“.
Life and career
Henley was born in Gloucester and was the eldest of a family of six children, five sons, and a daughter. His father, William, was a bookseller and stationer who died in 1868 and was survived by his young children and creditors. His mother, Mary Morgan, was descended from the poet and critic, Joseph Warton. From 1861–67 Henley was a pupil at the Crypt Grammar School (founded 1539).
A Commission had attempted recently to revive the school by securing the brilliant and academically distinguished T. E. Brown (1830–1897) as headmaster. Brown’s appointment was relatively brief (c.1857-63) but was a “revelation” for Henley because it introduced him to a poet and “man of genius – the first I’d ever seen”. This was the start of a lifelong friendship and Henley wrote an admiring obituary to Brown in the New Review (December 1897): “He was singularly kind to me at a moment when I needed kindness even more than I needed encouragement”.[1]
From the age of 12, Henley suffered from tuberculosis of the bone which resulted in the amputation of his left leg below the knee during either 1865 or 1868-69.[2] According to Robert Louis Stevenson‘s letters, the idea for the character of Long John Silver was inspired by his real-life friend Henley. Stevenson’s stepson, Lloyd Osbourne, described Henley as “..a great, glowing, massive-shouldered fellow with a big red beard and a crutch; jovial, astoundingly clever, and with a laugh that rolled like music; he had an unimaginable fire and vitality; he swept one off one’s feet”. In a letter to Henley after the publication of Treasure Island Stevenson wrote “I will now make a confession. It was the sight of your maimed strength and masterfulness that begot Long John Silver…the idea of the maimed man, ruling and dreaded by the sound, was entirely taken from you”.
Frequent illness often kept him from school, although the misfortunes of his father’s business may also have contributed. In 1867, Henley passed the Oxford Local Schools Examination and soon afterward moved to London where he attempted to establish himself as a journalist.[3] However, his work over the next eight years was interrupted by long periods in the hospital because his right foot was also diseased. Henley contested the diagnosis that a second amputation was the only way to save his life by becoming a patient of the pioneering surgeon Joseph Lister (1827–1912) at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. After three years in hospital (1873–75), during which he wrote and published the poems collected as In Hospital, Henley was discharged. Lister’s treatment had not effected a complete cure but enabled Henley to have a relatively active life for nearly 30 years.
On 22 January 1878, he married Hannah (Anna) Johnson Boyle (1855–1925), the youngest daughter of Edward Boyle, a mechanical engineer from Edinburgh, and his wife, Mary Ann née Mackie.[4]
His literary acquaintances also resulted in his sickly young daughter, Margaret Henley (born 4 September 1888), being immortalized by J. M. Barrie in his children’s classic Peter Pan.[5][6] Unable to speak clearly, the young Margaret referred to her friend Barrie as her “fwendy-wendy”, resulting in the use of the name Wendy, which was coined for the book. Margaret never read the book; she died on 11 February 1894 at the age of 5 and was buried at the country estate of her father’s friend, Harry Cockayne Cust, in Cockayne Hatley, Bedfordshire.[5][6]
After his recovery, Henley earned a living in publishing. During 1889 he became editor of the Scots Observer, an Edinburgh journal similar to the old Saturday Review. It was transferred to London during 1891 as the National Observer and remained under Henley’s editorship until 1893. Though, as Henley confessed, the paper had almost as many writers as readers, and its fame was confined mainly to the literary class, it was a lively and influential feature of the literary life of its time. Henley had an editor’s gift of discerning talent, and the “Men of the Scots Observer”, as Henley affectionately and characteristically termed his band of contributors, in most instances justified his insight. Charles Whibley was friends with Henley and assisted Henley to edit the Scots Observer and also the National Observer. The journal’s outlook was conservative and was often sympathetic to the growing imperialism of its time, and among other services, to literature, it published Rudyard Kipling‘s Barrack-Room Ballads.
Henley died in 1903 at the age of 53 at his home in Woking and his ashes interred in his daughter’s grave in the churchyard at Cockayne Hatley in Bedfordshire.[7]
Works
Arguably his best-remembered work is the poem “Invictus“, written in 1875. It is said that this was written as a demonstration of his resilience following the amputation of his foot due to tubercular infection. This passionate and defiant poem should be compared with his beautiful and contemplative acceptance of death and dying in the poem “Margaritae Sorority”. The poems of In Hospital are also noteworthy as some of the earliest free verse written in England. With J.S. Farmer Henley edited a seven-volume dictionary of Slang and its analogs which inspired his two translations into thieves’ slang of ballades by Francois Villon.
In 1890, Henley published Views and Reviews, a volume of notable criticisms, which he described as “less a book than a mosaic of scraps and shreds recovered from the shot rubbish of some fourteen years of journalism”. The criticisms, covering a wide range of authors (all English or French save Heinrich Heine and Leo Tolstoy) were remarkable for their insight. In 1892, he published a second volume of poetry, named after the first poem, “The Song of the Sword” but re-titled “London Voluntaries” after another section in the second edition (1893). Robert Louis Stevenson wrote that he had not received the same thrill of poetry so intimate and so deep since George Meredith‘s “Joy of Earth” and “Love in the Valley”. “I did not guess you were so great a magician. These are new tunes; this is an undertone of the true Apollo. These are not versed; they are poetry”. In 1892, Henley also published three plays written with Stevenson — Beau Austin, Deacon Brodie, and Admiral Guinea. In 1895, Henley’s poem, “Macaire“, was published in a volume with the other plays. Deacon Brodie was produced in Edinburgh in 1884 and later in London. Herbert Beerbohm Tree produced Beau Austin at the Haymarket on 3 November 1890.
Henley’s poem, “Pro Rege Nostro”, became popular during the First World War as a piece of patriotic verse. It contains the following refrain:
- What have I done for you, England, my England?
- What is there I would not do, England my own?
The poem and its sentiments have since been parodied by many people often unhappy with the jingoism they feel it expresses or the propagandistic use it is put to. “England, My England“, a short story by D. H. Lawrence, and also England, Their England the novel by A. G. Macdonell both use the phrase.
While incarcerated on Robben Island prison, Nelson Mandela recited the poem “Invictus” to other prisoners and was empowered by its message of self mastery.[8][9] In the 2009 movie Invictus, produced and directed by Clint Eastwood, the poem is referenced several times. It becomes the central inspirational gift from Mandela, played by Morgan Freeman, to Springbok rugby team captain François Pienaar, played by Matt Damon, in advance of the post-apartheid Rugby World Cup hosted in 1995 by South Africa and won by the underdog Springboks.[10]
The famous Finnish female writer Hella Wuolijoki has mentioned in her memoirs Enkä ollut vanki that the poem “Invictus” also inspired and encouraged her during her incarceration in Katajanokka/Skatudden prison in Helsinki at the end of World War II.[11]
*Disclaimer: This information is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting with a qualified healthcare provider.
Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition.
The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not intended as diagnosis, treatment, or prescription of any kind. The decision to use, or not to use, any information is the sole responsibility of the reader. These statements are not expressions of legal opinion relative to the scope of practice, medical diagnosis, or medical advice, nor do they represent an endorsement of any product, company, or specific massage therapy technique, modality, or approach. All trademarks, registered trademarks, brand names, registered brand names, logos, and company logos referenced in this post are the property of their owners.